The Exotic Vacuum Object (EVO) as the cause of the vacuum reaction.

I am surprised by the number of cold fusion acolytes that have invented their own science. At least Dr. Mills attempts to explain issues in his own terms that come up in standard science. But it is difficult to have a conversation with alternative scientists. It is a lot of work to understand so many different modes of thought. It may be that it is a lot of work to stay current in accepted science so it is just easier and less work to invent your own world. It may be best to just leave them all alone and let them succeed or fail on their own terms. Just like Rothwell, he believes in the old guard cold fusion meme, Bob Greenyer who believes in electronuclear gravity and the neutrino catalyst, and Rossi who believes in the Zitterbewegung electron model. Without a common worldview, communication is difficult so let us just have fun and see who turns out to be correct in the long run if ever.

Quote from Wyttenbach

Quarks are a standard model fantasy product. They are the mirror image one gets when nuclei are scattered at high energy. Quarks have no known mass as nobody ever could separate a quark.

The standard model has no clue of particle/nucleus structure!

Masses of common quarks are revealed

(PhysOrg.com) -- A research group co-founded by Cornell physics professor G. Peter Lepage has calculated the mass of the three lightest and, therefore, most…

phys.org

Why the Universe is Just So - C.J. Hogan

Quark Masses and the Stability of the Proton and Deuteron

It has long been noted that the stability of the proton depends on the up and down quark masses, requiring m_d - m_u E_em ^3/2 m_proton to overcome the extra electromagnetic mass-energy E_em of a proton relative to a neutron. Detailed considerations suggest that m_d - m_u is quite finely tuned, in the sense that if it were changed by more than a fraction of its value either way, nuclear astrophysics as we know it would radically change.

Quarks being always confined never appear ``on-shell'' so their masses are tricky to measure precisely. A recent review by Fusaoka and Koide (1998) gives m_u = 4.88 ± 0.57 MeV, m_d = 9.81 ± 0.65 MeV, larger than the 0.511 MeV of the electron but negligible compared to the 938.272 MeV mass of the proton, 939.566 MeV of the neutron, or 1875.613 MeV of the deuteron. On the other hand small changes in m_d-m_u can have surprisingly profound effects on the world through their effect on the relative masses of the proton, neutron and deuteron. If m_n < m_p the proton is unstable and there are no atoms, no chemistry. It is thus important that m_n > m_p, but not by too much since the neutron becomes too unstable. The neutron - decay rate is as small as it is only because of the small n, p mass difference: it is closely controlled by the phase space suppression. With a small increase in the mass difference the neutron decays much faster and the deuteron becomes unstable, also leading to radical changes in the world.

In the past earlier days of cold fusion research, you may remember slight isotope changes in the distribution of nickel isotopes after a run on a cold fusion reactor. In those feeble early solid state cold fusion reactors, the nickel isotopes became more enriched in Ni62 and Ni64. Ni61 also showed a great deviation from the normal isotopic distribution. These isotopic shifts showed redistribution of neutrons among the nickel atoms, yet no neutrons were ever detected during these reactor runs.

The old guard cold fusion meme cannot explain how this change in isotopic distribution could happen. The fusion nuclear reaction does not affect isotopes, it only affects the number of protons and neutrons inside a nucleus. As I have shown previously, this change in isotopic distribution comes from slight changes in the masses of the up and down quarks in protons and neutrons.

Quote from Wyttenbach

Brillouin did the most profound MS so far and could exactly show how the reaction proceeds. H*-H* usually is added as 2 neutrons this is possible because most Nickel isotopes have internal excess charge mass - you can show this with SO(4) physics and not with Quark crap...

I am happy that everything works out in your world.

Quote from Wyttenbach

Sad to know you are stuck in a death monument...

Adhering to establish science is so convenient. I have millions of papers, classes, books, posts, and videos to learn from and there is also the WIKI. There is no reputation trap to be concerned with. You have only yourself in your world, it must be so lonely... no discoveries or news or new ideas but whatever floats your boat.

The next facit of the upcoming theory is how the Higgs mode in superconductors allows for the generation of an anti higgs vacuum potential in a condensed matter system that will deconstruct elements through the manipulation of the masses of quarks.

The Higgs field and superconductors are intimately connected. Higgs got his theory about the Higgs field by copying Anderson, the one of the top men in superconductor theory. The Higgs field is actually a dual of the superconductor process.

For more background and history see

The Anderson-Higgs Mechanism | Not Even Wrong

A superconductor is able to produce a Higgs field (SHF) that is nearly identical to the cosmic Higgs field that applies mass to fundamental particles. This field generation is accomplished through the agency of the Higgs mechanism.

The ability of a condensed matter system to produce a micro bubble of the Higgs field is centered on the characteristics of superconductivity called the Higgs mode. This property of a superconductor was first hinted at by the discovery that photons gained rest mass when under the influence of a superconductor. The cosmic Higgs field (CHF) only confers rest mass on a fundamental particle.

With reference to some history as early as the early 1960s, Philip Anderson who was an outstandingly creative pioneer of solid state physics was complementing theoretical particle physics. Also interested in particle physics, in 1962, Anderson published a paper demonstrating how photons (or light quanta) obtain mass in a superconductor. Peter Higgs recognized that this mechanism was identical to the way mass was applied to fundamental particles in particle physics. This led to the development of the theory of the Higgs field in 1964 and led to both Higgs and François Englert being awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2013.

In explanation, a superconductor does not allow penetration by external magnetic fields (the Meissner effect). This observation implies that in a superconductor the electromagnetic field becomes short ranged. Successful theories arose to explain this during the 1950s, first for fermions (Ginzburg–Landau theory, 1950), and then for bosons (BCS theory, 1957).

The Ginzburg–Landau equation predicts two new characteristic lengths in a superconductor. The first characteristic length is termed coherence length: The second one is the penetration depth of a magnetic field produced by the Meissner effect.

There seems to be a tight correlation between superconductivity and the CHF. The cosmic Higgs mechanism is a type of superconductivity which occurs in the vacuum. It occurs when all of space is filled with a sea of particles which are charged, or, in field language, when a charged field has a nonzero vacuum expectation value. This begs the explanation that when the universe was formed, it was a superconductor that was above the superconducting transition temperature. Over time, the universe cooled below the formation temperature of the Higgs mechanism to express itself as a superconductor.

There is a difference between the SHF and the CHF. The SHF is the antithesis of the CHF. If the CHF generates a constant positive scalar curvature, then the SHF generates a constant negative scalar curvature. If the CHF is de Sutter space, then the SHF is anti de Sutter space. When anti de Sutter space forms, it is segregated off from de Sutter space of CHF so that the superconductor is protected from any external temperature intrusions and remains metastable.

How does SHF form in cold fusion?

In the classic cold fusion meme, a hydride is formed in a lattice imperfection of palladium. When the loading of the hydride reaches greater than 75%, the pressure that is applied to the hydride becomes great enough for the electrons in the Hydride to delocalize and the hydride transforms into a Hole superconductor. A hole superconductor occurs when a central core of proton cooper pairs form surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.

In other examples of Hole superconductor formation, a catalyst is used to form the superconductor. Holmlid uses the styrene catalyst type Shell S-105. Chukanov uses total ionization of plasma that he calls ball lightning. Ken Shoulders used a spark to stimulate hydrogen into the SHF form. Rossi uses lithium hydride and a high Dv/Dt spark. Ohmasa, Leclair, and the Indian Suhas all have used cavitation in one form or another to compress water into superconducting water crystals. George Egely uses polaritons produced by microwave stimulation of dust. The SAFIRE reactor uses polaritons.

SHF can form from nano and micro metal particles since these particles will form a one dimensional superconductor through Ballistic conduction.

The application of photons onto the electron cloud of the Hole superconductor to form polaritons is an indispensable stimulus to the formation of the SFH.

The polariton format process is accomplished inside an optical cavity. The electron cloud of the Hole superconductor provides that optical cavity. This cavity is where the energy of the electron and the photon come into a state of energy equilibrium so that a state of superposition of the electron and photon can occur. This process where the electron and photon join together into a single quantum waveform is known as quantum entanglement.

For example in Holmlid's reaction, a laser pulse applied onto the Ultra dense hydrogen (UDH) hole superconductor will form an optical cavity in which a Bose condensate of polaritons will form in the electron cloud that surrounds the positive core of the UDH. This condensate will produce a self-confining bubble of SHF derived from the Higgs mode of the UDH hole superconductor. This Higgs mechanism in the superconductor may well be identical to the cosmological Higgs field though it may be greater in magnitude and differ in the sign of its scalar curvature. The formation of the polariton condensate will give the UDH superfluidity so that it is very difficult to keep the UDH confined in a container.

The strength of the Meissner effect may define the altitude that the electron shell assumes above the positive superconductive core. This feature of the hole superconductor may have been misinterpreted as a Hydrino orbital below the usual base level of electron orbitals.

SHF being the anti-field of CHF, they don't interact. Chukanov generates something akin to ball lightning about 20cm across that can last indefinitely in his apparatus. He says in his patent that when he shines a laser on it, rather than the laser going through it and out the other end, the light is redirected and travels along the ball's surface and does not penetrate the inside of the ball. The same behavior occurs when an electron current is applied to the surface of the ball. An attempt to penetrate the ball with a metal rod results in a deformation of the ball without any penetration.

Ken Shoulders named the SHF he discovered an Exotic Vacuum Object (EVO). The EVO either with or without a hole superconductor at its core takes the form of a Bose Einstein Condensate of polaritons. This condensate produces a number of dipole magnetic vortex flux tubes that enable the EVO to interact with CHF matter. In experiments with EVOs, matter was seen to exit the EVO when the EVO terminated like toothpaste squeezed from a tube. It is through the agency of these tubes that the EVO transmutes matter.

The EVO can stabilize a radioactive isotope at a distance. This might be what is caused by the reversal of the short distance nature of the Z and W bosons via removal of their mass by the SHF. In electroweak theory, the photon Z and W bosons form a quartet of related particles. When the photons mass is reversed so may be the masses of that of the Z and W bosons converting these bosons into infinitely long ranged bosons.

Being both a coherent superconductor and a condensate, it is in a state of quantum mechanical superposition. This means that the EVO does not realize any particles and radiation that result from the transmutation process. Transmutation that is performed under a state of superposition does not produce energy. Transmutation is an unfortunate, and destructive byproduct of the EVO based reaction. Transmutation limits the service life of an EVO reactor.

But how does the EVO produce energy?

The SHF is a tachyonic field. In physics, a tachyonic field, or simply tachyon, is a quantum field with an imaginary mass. Although tachyonic particles (particles that move faster than light) are purely unfounded hypothetical concepts that violate a number of essential physical principles, at least one field with imaginary mass, the Higgs field, is believed to exist. As an anti-Higgs field, the SHF is also tachyonic. Under no circumstances do any excitations of tachyonic fields ever propagate faster than light - the presence or absence of a tachyonic (imaginary) mass has no effect on the maximum velocity of signals, and so unlike faster-than-light particles there is no violation of causality.

But as a tachyonic field, Sen's conjecture applies.

When an electron becomes a polariton (a superposition of an electron and a photon), it loses its mass. But in the polariton condensate, the mass of the polariton condensate goes imaginary. In recent research, a polariton condensate was observed to exhibit the property of negative mass.

The assumption here is that imaginary mass and negative mass act the same.

Science violently rejects the concept of negative mass as a real property of matter. Science says that effective mass can only show the behavior of negative mass without that mass being created. Effective mass is not considered real mass. Effective mass behavior just acts like negative mass but it is not real negative mass. But when the entirety of quasiparticle behaviors of the electrons are mixed in a polariton condensate, the real negative mass of that condensate actually becomes imaginary mass.

Imaginary mass opens the door to the weirdness of the dark sector of the universe. An imaginary mass particle is a tachyon. Tachyons have out of this world's properties especially when they condense. This is how the Sen Conjecture in string theory comes to the fore. This Conjecture predicts that the vacuum will decay in an explosion of energy derived from spacetime itself when a tachyon condensate eventually becomes unstable. This explosion is called a Bosenova. Simply put, SHF will only produce energy from the vacuum through its destruction.

Such a process of vacuum decay is where LENR gets its overunity energy gain from. In current research, the telling characteristic of the explosion of any Bose condensate in a bosenova is that half of the matter that comprises the condensate will disappear. I contend that this unexplained process of unexplained mass destruction is due to vacuum decay as per the Sen Conjecture.

http://nlab-pages.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/nlab/show/Sen's+conjecture

Sen's Conjecture

The important part of this reference is as follows:

Here the Conjecture states that the respective tachyon condensation witnesses the annihilation of the brane/anti-brane pair (Sen 98). Sen got a $3 million prize for this idea, and Ed Witten also got the same prize for developing the string quantum theory that Sen used in the development of his Conjecture.

Definition of terms

The brane is spacetime.

The antibrane is the EVO (The tachyon vacuum) or anti spacetime(anti vacuum).In plane language, when an EVO becomes unstable and eventually decays and explodes, it not only converts itself into energy but also the bubble of the universe that it was residing in also converts to energy. So the energy produced by the EVO bosenova explosion produces about twice the energy content of a 200 micron coresident bubble of spacetime.

All the electrons and protons that make up the polariton condensate and hole superconductor will receive the energy of the tachyonic bosenova explosion. The photon content of the polariton condensate will also receive a portion of this vacuum energy.

In an EVO reactor that does not intercept the electrons generated by the bosenova, the kinetic energy of these electrons and photons will be converted to heat and radiation by the reactor's structure and/or plasma.

How does an EVO grow larger?

When the polariton condensate establishes itself around a hole superconductor, the negative charge of the surrounding electron cloud is decreased. This condensate growth cycle produces an increasing positive charge that develops from the positive core of the hole superconductor. This positive charge imbalance attracts additional electrons in the vicinity of the hole superconductor to the electron cloud. As additional photons produce more polaritons from the electrons in the electron cloud, the size of the EVO grows larger. This polariton condensate growth cycle continues until the polariton condensate becomes unstable and eventually explodes.

The generation of a supersolid.

As the EVO grows larger, it eventually takes on the shape of a supersolid. In condensed matter physics, a supersolid is a spatially ordered material with superfluid properties. During 2017, a definitive proof for the existence of this supersolid state was demonstrated by several experiments using atomic Bose–Einstein condensates.

A supersolid is a special quantum state of matter where particles form a rigid, spatially ordered lattice structure, but also flows super-fluidically. This behavior contradicts common sense since superfluid flow with zero viscosity is a property exclusive to the fluid state.

The lattice structure of a supersolid will assume the shape of a polygon, usually a hexagon. This is due to the influence of quantum fluxuations in the superfluid.

In LENR experiments, EVOs usually produce polygonal shapes associated with supersolidity. EVOs dig hexagonal, square, or polygonal sealed tunnels or produce spheres of transmuted material. EVOs also produce hexagonal shaped areas of polarized matter on metal surfaces surrounding their impact impressions.

There are two types of EVOs

There are two types of polariton condensates that form an EVO. There is one type that is produced by a hole superconductor, and another type produced by a pumped polariton Bose condensate.

The hole superconductor based EVO can live an independent life whereas the pumped EVO is confined and constrained by the pumping mechanism.

It is the hole superconductor based EVO that floats around independently and produces stange radiation. The pumped EVO cannot lead an independent existence.

The pumped polariton Bose condensate type is usually formed through the generation of a polariton condensate by pumping photonic energy onto nano or micro dust or rough metal surfaces. The name that science has given this type of polariton condensate is "nonequilibrium polariton condensate"

Some background: Dr. Brian Ahern was the first to show that the LENR reaction occurs in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can form one dimensional superconductors as enabled by their size. This experiment will show how nanoparticles produce the LENR reaction when a laser pulse irradiates gold nanoparticles in solution. These nanoparticles demonstrate ballistic (one dimensional) superconductivity.

In the following experiment, the LENR reaction only occurs when the LENR light pulse is active. A radioactive isotope is used to provide a probe to explore the nature of the LENR reaction. Since there is no lattice involved, no fusion reaction is possible. No excess heat is produced. Various types of laser pulses are used in this experiment which reveals the details of the mechanisms of the LENR reaction. The basic take away from this experiment is to show that the LENR reaction is a unified electroweak based reaction.

Radioactive decay half-life acceleration caused by Electronweak force mediation.

Reference: https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.6276

Accelerated alpha-decay of 232U isotope achieved by exposure of its aqueous solution with gold nanoparticles to laser radiation

A.V. Simakin, G.A. Shafeev

This reference sheds light on the posit that an Unified Electroweak reaction accelerates radioactive decay through Higgs field based super-conduction carried through Bose condensation of polaritons. With this posit in mind, experimental data elucidates what the optimum duration of the pumping laser pulse time-frame should be to optimize the LENR reaction.

Quote

Abstract

"Experimental results are presented on laser-induced accelerated alpha-decay of Uranium-232 nuclei under laser exposure of Au nanoparticles in aqueous solutions of its salt. It is demonstrated that the decrease of alpha-activity strongly depends on the peak intensity of the laser radiation in the liquid and is highest at several terawatt per square centimeter. The decrease of alpha-activity of the exposed solutions is accompanied by the deviation of gamma-activities of daughter nuclides of Uranium-232 from their equilibrium values. Possible mechanisms of the laser influence on the alpha-activity are discussed on the basis of the amplification of the electric field of laser wave on metallic nanoparticles."

This experiment speaks against the posit that accelerated radioactive decay is caused by any interactions with neutrinos purported by the Russian Meme. The mechanism of polariton Bose condensation causation involves the generation of polariton plasma that surrounds the nanoparticle and associated intense Electroweak fields that act at a distance. Polaritons surround gold nanoparticles that produce a critical density of LENR active surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) cloud which acts as a pumped LENR active superconductor in which Electroweak stabilization of radiation occurs in the vicinity of the gold nanoparticle. The referenced article shows that the polariton Bose condensate reduces the 69 year half-life of U232 to 5 microseconds when the LASER pulse is active. In addition, the acceleration of radioactive decay of the 4.5 billion year half-life of uranium is sufficiently half-life accelerated to produce significant detectable uranium decay products. The Half-life decay does not produce increased radiation, but by a change in the nature of the unstable isotope itself.

Quote

It is reasonable to suggest that the alpha-decay proceeds during the laser pulse, while the spontaneous decrease of alpha-activity during exposure is negligible. This means that the activity drops down by a factor of 2 during 5 ms, which is the total duration of all 150 ps laser pulses during exposure. In other words, the half-life of 232U in the laser field is 5 ms instead of 69 years. About 10^10 nuclei of 232U decay during laser exposure. Another infrared laser radiation with pulse duration of 350 ps affects the alpha-activity of the solution to a lesser extent despite a much higher number of laser pulses.

Both the power of the laser pulse and its duration are important factors in producing optimum half-life decay acceleration. The nanosecond laser pulse length is too short to optimize radioactive decay acceleration as well as the 350 ps laser source. The 150 ps laser source seems to be a better fit to match the 50 ps life span of the individual polariton which comprise the Bose condensate aggregation is the resonance value for optimization of radiation decay. Another insight gleaned from this experiment is that the length of the laser pulse does not produce continuing radioactive decay acceleration. The LENR activity is constrained by the lifetime of the polariton condensate and is active only as long as the polariton condensate is active.

The polaritons have a lifespan of an average number of picoseconds. But after death, they are replaced with newly generated polaritons so that the number of polaritons remains constant based on the amount of pumping done.

Metallic deuterium made at pressures rivalling those found at the centre of a planet

Synthesis could aid study of high-pressure superconductors

www.chemistryworld.com

Quote

In theory, all elements become metallic at sufficiently high pressures as the atoms are squeezed close enough that the electrons become delocalised. Modelling the metallisation transitions precisely, however, is extremely difficult. The metallisation of hydrogen has long attracted particular interest, partly because it is the simplest system but also because quantum delocalisation should be apparent in the nucleus as well as the electrons.

The Nobel prize-winning theoretical physicist Eugene Wigner and colleague Hillard Huntington predicted in 1935 that metallic hydrogen would form when the molecules completely dissociated. Multiple groups have claimed to have observed this Wigner–Huntington transition in the past 30 years, but no experimental realisation has been generally accepted. A 2017 claim by researchers at Harvard University, who compressed a single sample to around 495GPa, remains disputed.

Metalization of a hydride means that electrons delocalize from a compound and migrate to the exterior surface of that compound leaving the core positively charged.

It is clear that a hydride will convert to a pressure initiated superconductor long before that hydride will fusion due to lattice compression.

For those who accept the idea that cold fusion is occuring as a result of lattice compression, they are inventing their own non existent reality.