https://www.fleet.org.au/blog/…ein%20condensates%20(BECs).

A FLEET study led by University of Queensland’s David Colas clarifies recent studies of negative mass, investigating the strange phenomenon of self-interference.

NEGATIVE MASS??

When we think of ‘mass’, we usually consider the ‘inertial’ mass – the resistance of a body to acceleration due to an applied force.

For a moving object, its mass is then a simple relationship between momentum applied to it, and the velocity it acquires.

However, in some situations, this relationship is not simply proportional and can depend on the impulse applied to the object. Physicists then talk about effective mass, which can even be negative.

In such case, an object would move in a completely non-intuitive way when acted on by a force.

“Imagine a soccer ball, you give it a first kick to get closer to the goal, you then give it an extra kick to score but instead of accelerating, the ball slows down! You’re a bit puzzled, so you decide to kick the ball even harder, and it now moves towards your foot and not away from it!” explains lead author of the UQ study, Dr David Colas.

Negative masses can be achieved experimentally at the particle level in various systems, for example using holes within semiconductors, by coupling light to matter in microcavities creating “exciton-polariton”, or in atomic ultracold atomic gases under the form of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs).

THE STUDY

Negative-Mass Effects in Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates was published in Physics Review Letters in July.

The UQ theoretical research expanded upon an earlier study at Washington State University demonstrating a negative mass effect in the expansion of an atomic BEC, nicely illustrating the versatility and great tunability of this platform.

In their study, the UQ researchers have clarified the effects associated to the different types of negative mass and identified the striking “self-interfering effect” in the atomic condensate, which had been originally predicted for exciton-polaritons.

FLEET Research Fellow Dr David Colas, University of Queensland.

This builds a comprehensive picture of the ‘self-interfering effect’ observed in the WSU experiment but also shows how the interactions can assist and trigger the present mechanism.

Thomas Young’s 1801 double-slit experiment demonstrating matter wave interference was one the first observation of a quantum effect. Individual particles are sent on a screen with two slits are displaying interference as they go through it, exactly like waves. With an ultra-cold atomic gas, one can create the same kind of interference with the particles only, without the need of a screen and slits, simply by affecting their effective mass.

“To carry on with the soccer ball analogy, imagine that if you kick it too hard, you will squeeze it against your foot for a bit. When the ball leaves your boot, it re-expands and you see that the front part of the ball will eventually travel slower that its bottom part. The ball then interferes with itself” continues Dr David Colas.

The WUS reported that negative mass effect can halt the free expansion of a BEC and lead to fringes in the density. The UQ study showed this was caused by self-interference of the wave packet, arising when certain mass parameters characterizing the system become negative.

Negative mass effects can come out under different form, such as self-interference. But one of the most striking one is the backward propagation for a positive impulse: the hypothetical soccer ball that accelerates towards the kicker’s boot, not away from it.

Self-interference principle illustrated. The wave function represents the probability to find the particles at a given position. As the gas expands, fringes in the density appear, due to the self-interference effect.

The UQ researchers show that this fascinating regime would be more achievable in atomic BECs, than with exciton-polaritons, opening the way to interesting new research paths.

Clarification of the type of mass that is responsible for each observed phenomena will avoid common misinterpretations about negative mass. Such clarification will help get negative-mass research back on track.

Acknowledgements As well as funding under the Australian Research Council Centres of Excellence program, the research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Optica Publishing Group

Unstable and stable regimes of polariton condensation

Abstract

Modulational instabilities play a key role in a wide range of nonlinear optical phenomena, leading, e.g., to the formation of spatial and temporal solitons, rogue waves, and chaotic dynamics. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the existence of a modulational instability in condensates of cavity polaritons, quasi-particles arising from the strong coupling of cavity photons with quantum well excitons. For this purpose, we investigate the spatiotemporal coherence properties of polariton condensates in GaAs-based microcavities under continuous-wave pumping. The chaotic behavior of the instability results in a strongly reduced spatial and temporal coherence and a significantly inhomogeneous density. Additionally, we show how the instability can be tamed by introducing a periodic potential so that condensation occurs in negative mass states, leading to largely improved coherence and homogeneity. These results pave the way to the exploration of long-range order in dissipative quantum fluids of light within a controlled platform.

https://phys.org/news/2023-05-…0undreamed%2Dof%20devices.

Hybrid exciton–polariton particles surprise with negative mass

Quote

"Typically, we don't want losses, but here losses have given us something new," he said. "It enabled us to introduce a negative mass to the strongly coupled system."

The discovery is another facet of exciton–polaritons' counter-intuitive behavior, Dr. Wurdack said.

"This behavior could be used for dispersion engineering, potentially to probe new physics and create as yet undreamed-of devices. I cannot predict the extent of future applications yet using this kind of dispersion engineering, but I am hopeful this will be explored in future research activities," he said.

The domain wall is what both produces and keeps the micro quantum black hole from exploding inside and at the center of the EVO. It allows the EVO to exist in any environment from the absolute zero of deep space to the nuclear roiled surface of the sun. It sequesters the energy produce from transmutation so that that energy is injected into the black hole so that the EVO can produce element reorganization without any energy from leaking into our environment

But why does the domain wall appear?

As a mechanism that enables the universe to evolve, a domain wall is created to separate two different vacuum states. The EVO has a negative vacuum state. EVO spacetime is called anti De-sutter spacetime. The spacetime of our universe is called De-sutter spacetime. Anti De-sutter spacetime spacetime existed just after the Big Bang as the universe just was beginning to form.

As a stage in the evolution of the universe, when the universe was cooling after the big bang, anti de-sutter spacetime reverted to De-sutter spacetime as the shape of the universe changed.

According to New Scientist, a domain wall is a wall of energy that forms when two different universes collide. The domain wall keeps the two incompatible worlds apart.

The theory of cosmic domain walls is based on the idea that the universe had random energy fields shortly after the Big Bang. As things cooled, different energy regions began to form, with walls between the different regions. By this time, the universe was just too big to cool all at once, so it cooled gradually through the development of bubbles that slowly transitioned the universe to its new vacuum state.

https://phys.org/news/2013-01-…%20the%20theory%20of,that's%20how%20things%20stand%20today.

Physicists looking to test theory of 'cosmic domain walls

Domain walls can also form when groups of atoms at very low temperatures segregate into different clumps, or "domains". The "wall" that forms between those domains behaves so differently from the atoms themselves that scientists consider it an independent quantum object.

What the plasmoid bagel theory does not address is what the domain wall does for the EVO. A plasmoid does not generate a domain wall because it is not an alien state of the vacuum. A domain wall is produced because of the negative energy/mass of polaritons. It is the spacetime that the exciton polariton creates. Electrons ala the plasmoid has positive mass. To get to the domain wall condition of the EVO, the electrons must undergo a coherent transition to a exciton polariton state so that anti spacetime is formed inside the EVO.

Formation and thermodynamic evolution of plasmoids in active region jets

ABSTRACT. We have carried out a comprehensive study of the temperature structure of plasmoids, which successively occurred in recurrent active region jets. The

academic.oup.com

Formation and thermodynamic evolution of plasmoids in active region jets

Quote

Similar plasmoids were previously identified in EUV jets by Alexander & Fletcher (1999) using the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (Handy et al. 1999) observations with a time-scale of 2–3 min. AIA observations of plasmoids in jets were also reported by Zhang & Ji (2014b) and Zhang, Ji & Su (2016). Zhang & Ji (2014a) measured the size of the plasmoids to be ∼3 Mm in diameter with lifetimes of 24–60 s whereas Zhang, Ji & Su(2016) found bigger plasmoids of sizes 4.5–9 Mm travelling at 140–380 km s−1. Filippov et al. (2015) found smaller average speeds for plasmoids along the EUV jet, about 80 km s−1. Chen et al. (2022) studied five plasmoids along the jet and found their widths to range between 0.8 and 2.3 Mm, with apparent velocities from 59 to 185 km s−1.

The maximum lifetime length of a plasmoid has been measured in minutes. This undercuts the plasmoid theory of EVO formation where an EVO can persist for years in a dormant state. Ohmasa gas is known to be potent through storage for 10 years before use. This is a result of the domain wall that sequesters the EVO from any environmental impact.

According to CORE, Ohmasa gas can remain potent for years and still be energetic when ignited.

Quote

Water Electrolyzers and the Zero-Point Energy

M. B. King*

When the water is electrolyzed, he produces abundant gas that exhibits all the

anomalies of Brown’s gas, yet it apparently contains little free hydrogen for he can likewise safely store the gas under pressure for long periods of time (over two years), after which the gas still exhibits its energetic form when ignited.

Quote from Alan Smith

Negative Mass is a mathematical contrivance used to attract the attention of the Nobel Prize committee. It is merely one way of explaining phenomena that are not otherwise understood. But that does not mean that there are no other explanations for them.

This subject was treated in a paper from Nature. If you cannot trust Nature then you have an issue with science. The way the paper covers the subject, there is the description of how negative mass is recognized as being produced.

Quote

We directly measure this anomalous dispersion in several planar microcavities with integrated monolayer WS₂¹⁶ at room temperature, and demonstrate the negative-mass transport of exciton polaritons. The key role of the exciton–phonon scattering in the dissipative coupling mechanism is further confirmed by temperature-dependent measurements.

Then there is a description about what is producing the negative mass effect. Since the paper has been peer reviewed, this causation description has been signed off on by the scientific community.

The paper mentions what the discovery of negative mass means to science. The authors state the advance that this research means to further research and industry. There is a field of study called Polaritonics

Optica Publishing Group

It won't be long before negative mass exciton polaritons are put to use in new optical devices.

Quote from PhysicsForDummies

I'm afraid we are wasting our time trying to convince Axil of anything rational.

Get your opinions published in Nature, and then I may be more likely to accept what you think.

Quote from Paradigmnoia

King is not a reliable reference.

King is referencing various research into plasmoid lifetimes. What he says about Ohmasa gas comports with what I know about that subject.

Quote from Paradigmnoia

Unfortunately the cheapest propane oxygen brazing kit flame properties also comports with the properties of supposedly special gases such as Browns and Ohmasa, including the cutting of tungsten and sharpening the rods to needle ends, but never welding the tungsten.

These gases: HHO, Ohmasa, Santelli - MagneGas, carry EVOs that destroy matter at low temperature similar to cavitation while the EVOs absorb the heat of combustion of the gases. MFMP measured the temperature of Ohmasa gas combustion at about 230C as I recall where tungsten vaporized.

The temperature of the flame is related to the material being cut. Titanium cuts at a higher temperature than tungsten. A pure Ohmasa gas flame only temperature was 23C. When Ohmasa gas is mixed with propane, the temperatures are higher but cutting is greatly reduced.

At 1:22:46, to show that the titanium was not as hot as the optical thermometer records, a Teflon sheet was applied to the glowing metal with no melting of the Teflon is occurring. But at a point, there was a mini explosion where the titanium metal vanished. This points out that the polaritons on the surface of the metal required insolation to become active. This insolation function is what hydrogen affords to activate the Surface Plasmon Polaritons in the LENR reaction.

To show this insolation effect, a suggested experiment might be performed where a clear plastic insulator is applied over a metal surface that will produce enhanced transmutation of the metal when a laser is irradiating that metal surface through the transparent plastic.

A look at the 10 yen coin using an SEM after it has been treated with Ohmasa gas and cover contacted with Teflon. See the end of the video shown above to see the Ohmasa gas procedure.

The EVO tracks are visualized below on the ten yen coin where metal has vanished.