Scalable and efficient separation of hydrogen isotopes using graphene-based
electrochemical pumping
energy cost down $2GJ/kg D20
"
the described advantages of the graphene-based separation seem significant enough to justify rapid introduction of this disruptive technology even within the highly-conservative nuclear industry.
Why worry about Bose-Einstein Condensates? Einstein and Sternglass said it all by their 'thought experiment' on relativity. i.e. E = mc^n where n varies between 0 and positive integers. What could be simpler? 
For general information the first Lenr people who involved Yeong E. Kim in his papers was our Italian fully decried here.
Display MoreUn fil a été créé pour discuter de ces développements.
Université de Bagdad Irak Équipe de recherche LENR
Fusion froide de Bagdad 2020
La première conférence internationale des sciences pures et de l'ingénieur (ICPES2020)
Conf. Série : Science et génie des matériaux 871 (2020) 012085
Publication IOP
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/871/1/012085
Le taux de réaction à froid de la fusion du deutéron dans le nickel métallique à l'aide de la théorie du condensat de Bose-Einstein
Auteurs
Aeshah Ali Hussein
Hadi JM Al Agealy
Rad Hameed Majeed
Département de physique, Collège d'éducation pour les sciences pures (Ibn Alhaitham), Université de Bagdad, Bagdad, Irak
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la vitesse de réaction de fusion froide étudiée et étudiée pour DD en utilisant la théorie de la condensation de Bose-Einstein et en fonction de la considération de la mécanique quantique. La théorie quantique était basée sur le concept de simple conventionnel des deutérons dans le nickel-métal dû à la condensation de Bose-Einstein, elle a fourni une description cohérente et expliquée des données expérimentales. Le modèle de théorie d'analyse est capable d'expliquer le comportement physique des réactions nucléaires induites par le deutéron dans les métaux de nickel sur la matière cinq étoiles, c'est le plus attendu pour une prédiction quantitative de la théorie physique. Sur la base de la formulation du théorème de condensation de Bose-Einstein, nous calculons la vitesse de réaction de fusion froide pour le transfert de DD au nickel-métal en utilisant les facteurs S astrophysiques
(- = 110 − ) pour d(d,p)T, d(d, n)3
Il réagit et ( = 110 × 10 - = 110 × 10 - ) pour + → + 23,8 réaction. Les résultats du calcul pour trois réactions donnent lieu à un large compatible avec les autres travaux expérimentaux.
1. Introduction
Depuis que la condensation de Bose-Einstein (BEC) a été prédite en 1924 par Einstein et qu'elle conduit à devenir un bon nouveau domaine de sujet en physique, il a été l'attraction d'un chercheur intéressant pour attirer l'attention sur le comportement de la matière condensée [1]– [3]. De plus, les atomes du gaz de Bose idéal pourraient être occupés et condensés dans certains états quantiques en conséquence de la mécanique statistique quantique de Bose et de ses certains états d'énergie [4]. Plusieurs grandeurs physiques peuvent être décrites en utilisant la notation de BEC comprenant du 4He liquide, des exactions dans les semi-conducteurs, des pions et des kaons dans la matière nucléaire condensée[5]. Les particules qui bénéficient d'une basse température et d'une densité élevée sont soumises à des statistiques quantiques appelées Bose-Einstein et ces particules sont appelées bosons [6], [7]. Les bosons sont inclus les photons et l'hélium 4He par exemple partageait un état quantique. Il a été établi que le refroidissement d'un gaz d'atomes sous une
la température critique (environ 106 fois inférieure à la température la plus basse du globe) conduit les atomes à se condenser et à devenir indiscernables.
Bien que les fermions (3He) obéissent aux statistiques de Fermi-Dirac, ils habitent divers états quantiques à température nulle[8]. De plus, le phénomène de BEC touche un
plusieurs disciplines de la physique, dont la mécanique statistique, la thermodynamique, la mécanique quantique, la physique de la matière condensée, la théorie des champs, enfin la physique nucléaire[9].
Yeong E. Kim et al dans (2000) ont réalisé les solutions de l'état fondamental pour les bosons piégés dans un piège isotrope par le mécanisme utilisé (ELTB). Afin d'obtenir des formules théoriques pour calculer les taux et probabilités de fusion nucléaire pour les noyaux piégés dans l'ion. Les solutions ont été utilisées dans le système. Cependant, la formule du taux de fusion a été appliquée aux taux de fusion DD piégés par le piège ionique et le micro piège [10].
MWZwierlein et al dans (2003) ont observé que le BEC au niveau moléculaire, il a été tabulé pour les atomes fermioniques de 6Li en utilisant le refroidissement par évaporation dans un piège dipolaire optique. Les atomes de lithium gazeux se sont transformés en molécules de 6Li2. Par le démarrage soudain d'une distribution de densité bimodale, on a estimé qu'un condensateur de Bose-Einstein atteignait 900 000 molécules à une température inférieure à 600 nK[11]. Alexander L. et al dans (2006) ont obtenu le mécanisme BEC pour un type d'opérations LENR en substance condensée dans le cas d'un mélange de deux types différents de noyaux de Bose dans des pièges harmoniques.
S'appuyant sur le "rapport" des paramètres à l'intérieur, il semblait que les deux parties pourraient cohabiter dans la même zone de l'espace, au lieu de la répulsion coulombienne entre les deux types. Cela a conduit à obtenir une règle de sélection étroite incluant les charges et les masses nucléaires des deux types.
Pour un mélange de types de D et Li, ceux-ci anticipent que la vitesse de réaction de (D + 6Li) pourrait être supérieure à la vitesse de réaction de (D + D), c'est une perméation suggérant que les réactions (D + 6Li) pourraient contrôler le (D +D) réactions dans des expériences de réaction nucléaire de basse énergie (LENR) dans des substances condensées [12].
Yeong E. Kim en 2010 a développé une théorie de la fusion nucléaire pour condenser la condensation de Bose-Einstein pour décrire de nombreuses données expérimentales diverses de la réaction nucléaire provoquée par les deutérons dans les métaux, qui ont été remarquées dans les expériences de «chargement de gaz et d'électrolyse».
La théorie a montré que l'énergie de fusion transférée au métal pouvait être accomplie par le pouvoir d'arrêt du métal [13].
Takeo Oku en 2018 a décrit les conditions des dispositifs de condensation de fusion nucléaire et les applications possibles des nanomatériaux des dispositifs de fusion nucléaire.
La fusion catalysée par le muon était considérée comme l'un des moyens utilisés dans la fusion nucléaire pour permettre à la fusion de se produire à très basse température.
Les muons chargés ont été créés par (des ions lourds ou des protons) irradiés sur des métaux comme le cuivre/béryllium à haute énergie [14]. Djamel et al dans (2019)ont proposé que l'énergie libérée par la "fusion verte à froid" soit utilisée pour traiter l'eau par le processus de distillation. Le mot vert fait référence aux processus qui ne s'accompagnent pas de pollution et de dangers nucléaires. D'autre part, la grande énergie libérée par la fusion à froid suggère son investissement dans la méthode de distillation pour obtenir des performances actives en termes de temps et de coût. Le phénomène de fusion froide a été remarqué lors de l'étude de substances qui ont une solubilité très élevée dans les isotopes de l'hydrogène tels que le palladium, certains autres matériaux et alliages [15]. Dans ce présent travail, nous introduisons un modèle pour la fusion de la vitesse de réaction du piégeage du deutéron dans le métal. La vitesse de réaction a été calculée pour D piégé dans le nickel métallique car le Ni a des propriétés similaires à celles du palladium métallique et facilement soluble dans les isotopes de l'hydrogène.
In the U. Utah archives, we found a partial translation of this document:
https://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/PanethFthepublica.pdf#page=28
It ends abruptly with: "Since the test tube containing the preparation did . . ."
If someone could translate the rest from German, I would appreciate it. Just send me the text, and I will slide it into my Microsoft Word document. Here is what we have:
THE TRANSFORMATION OF HYDROGEN INTO HELIUM
Fritz Paneth, Kurt Peters and Paul Günther
Chemistry Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca New York
and Chemistry Laboratory, Berlin University
(Received February 9, 1927)
A few months ago [1] we reported on experiments on the transformation of hydrogen into helium. While none of the methods of electrical discharge yielded any helium, small quantities of helium were produced when various palladium preparations were treated with hydrogen. Since none of the sources of error which we discussed seemed to provide an adequate explanation for the presence of this helium, we concluded that the helium must be assumed to be newly formed in this case.
1. Berichte [Reports (of the German Chemical Society)] 59, 2039 (1926).
We have now rechecked the sources of error, both in the Baker Laboratory at Cornell University and in the Chemistry Laboratory at Berlin University, and are convinced that we underestimated the potential influence of two of them.
As mentioned in our article, one preparation in particular, a palladinized asbestos supplied by Kahlbaum, yielded especially high quantities compared to the other preparations when treated with hydrogen (p. 11^2). Asbestos, like all minerals, contains traces of helium, [3] and we therefore took the precaution of always first calcining the asbestos used in the preparation of our asbestos to such a degree that it was unable to give off any more helium at the much lower heating temperatures used in the experiments. In order to shed some light on the behavior of the [ahlbaum palladinized asbestos, we have now performed experiments with uncalcined asbestos, and have determined that, contrary to expectation, it yields up its helium content at much lower temperatures in hydrogen than in oxygen. We have no doubt, therefore, that the Kahlbaum palladinized asbestos, which always yielded helium when charged with hydrogen, but virtually no helium when charged with oxygen (pp. 11-12), released this helium from the asbestos. The relationship that we observed between the hydrogen activity of palladium and the occurrence of helium, which led us to assume that the source of the helium was in the palladium, was therefore an indirect one: only when the palladium was active and had absorbed hydrogen was the asbestos located in a hydrogen atmosphere during subsequent heating, and only then did it give off helium.
3. We were unable to find any data on the helium content of asbestos in the literature; based on determinations we have made, it can contain 10^-4 ccm per g.
If this explanation of the occurrence of helium is correct, then the experiment on which we had placed “special value” must be discounted, and all that is the experiments involving the preparations fabricated by us, which contained either no asbestos at all (palladium sponge, palladium black), or very intensely calcined, helium-free asbestos. This source of error cannot have come into play here; however, we believe that the effect of another source of error was underestimated.
We had determined in experiments that not only is glass more permeable to helium than to neon under heat, but also that at ordinary temperatures it releases more helium than neon from a helium-neon mixture and gives off nearly pure helium when subsequently heated. The possibility had to be considered, therefore, that the glass test tube in which the palladium preparation was heated could be giving off perceptible amounts of helium as a result of its previous contact with air. We had ascertained that these amounts were below the limit of sensitivity of our method (p. 14), and our new experiments have confirmed this finding. However, this glass test tube was surrounded externally by a glass apparatus, specifically a glass cylinder encircled by a heating filament and placed in a vacuum jacket under water (pp. 13-14). A substantially larger amount of glass was being heated in this case, and there was consequently a possibility that demonstrable quantities of helium would be released, although this helium will at first be kept separate from the inner portion of the apparatus by the test tube containing the preparation. We arranged the apparatus so that the gases in the previously evacuated outer jacket of the oven would also be analyzed after heating, and in several experiments did in fact determine quantities of helium on the order of lQ-9 10-8 ccm. Since the test tube containing the preparation did
googledocs?
translate the rest from German
Since the preparation tube does not offer any effective protection against the penetration of helium into the inner part of the apparatus when it is hot, we believe that this source of error - the release of the helium dissolved in the glass within the vacuum jacket and the helium penetrating through the glass wall of the preparation tube into the analysis - apparatus - is responsible for the occurrence of 10 ~ ccm helium in many of our experiments3). However, we have also carried out several experiments in which the vacuum jacket of the furnace was in communication with the pump throughout the heating period, and it can hardly be assumed that the traces of helium which were released during this time, instead of entering the pump way through the slightly heated glass tube into the apparatus. Even today we cannot give any explanation for these remaining positive attempts4). But since the majority of our experiments have already been explained in a "natural" way, we consider it likely that the experiments still to come will also succeed, and we therefore want to state our view that, if any transformation of hydrogen in helium, the amount formed in the experiments with palladium and in the experiments with electrical discharges has not yet reached 10-~ ccm; and the apparatus is of the order of 10-9 ccm because of the neon dissolved in the glass helium is no longer reliable as long as the method calls for heating the glass. Let us try to decide by avoiding any heating whether there are any effects of the order of 10-9 cc.
") In which \V&e njr us the penetration of the heliuin think, will be seen more clearly from the drawings of the apparatus that will be published in the near future. 4) Various parties have spoken to us about the fact that charcoal cooled with liquid air can cause helium and neon to fractionate from air. More recent experiments have confirmed the view (p. 2040) that this cannot be the case at such low pressures. Palladium, too, does not have the ability to have a fractionating effect on helium and seon (S 2045), as has recently been established.
googledocs?
What do you mean? Did you run the German text through Google translate? Do you speak German, and can you verify this is correct?
This part looks like a problem:
") In which \V&e njr us the penetration of the heliuin think,
I assume the German text was scrambled. Right?
vielleicht
Did you run the German text through Google translate?
google docs translate... on cheap chromebook
") In which \V&e njr us
In welcher Weise wir uns das Eindringen
in which case, we think the penetration....
Do you speak German
Ein bisschen..~ 1974-1977
Z.B.."Leck mich en de Taesch"
Shwartz et Rodriguez..4Kv spark gap 2021
"
The glass reactor chamber
was filled with an argon atmosphere, with deuterium oxide evaporated into it from an
internal reservoir to saturation vapor pressure (≈7%). When the electric spark was
activated, copious amounts of X-rays were detected, and they were recorded using digital
X-ray film common to dentistry. The electric spark was only capable of sparking across a
4 mm gap (or shorter) in ordinary atmosphere, which indicates energy at ≈4 kV.
A minimum of 10 kV is needed to produce the weakest of X-rays. This potential 4 kV
voltage is reduced further in more conductive argon gas (V = IR, where V is argon gas,
I is deuterium water, and R is vapor in the reactor air), making it highly unlikely for the
electric spark to be the source of the X-rays. This phenomenon was also supported by the
argon gas-only experiment, producing no X-rays
"
(Figure 5). These X-ray results tend to confirm an Ohsawa-Kushi fusion transmutation
hypothesis and suggest that a previously unknown nuclear fusion process based on
oxygen and a metal is occurring.
In this case, because deuterium is in the alkali metal family, it is considered a metal.
Hydrogen does act as a metal under high pressure or in degenerate matter.
Hence, this is considered a MOXY process. Additional confirmation
of these MOXY experiments awaits further metrics.
Spectroscopic measurements of
18O concentrations within the reactor, in comparison to the heavy water source, need to
be conducted.
Please keep discussion to a minimum - this is a virtual library -so no talking!
On a related matter, JSTOR - the journal repository - has -because of pandemic issues and homeworking they say - opened up it's free membership rules and access to contents to independent researchers. Possibly very useful.
AR friends [2014] go on very clever [2022]
Unperceived irony ...
1) Selecting any heavy metal whose atomic and metallic
properties are closer to gold. It can be called as Base metal
of gold (BMG).
2) Expected heavy and cheap BMGs are: Tungsten-74 having
stable mass numbers (180 to 186), Rhenium-75 having mass
numbers (185,187) and Osmium-76 having mass numbers
(187 to 194). See Table 1 for the density, melting point and
cost of BMGs.
3) Filling the cold nuclear heating chamber (CNHC) with preweighed
BMG powder.
4) Suitable catalyst can also be added to CNHC for a better
reaction.
5) Evacuating the CNHC and filling with Hydrogen gas at moderate
pressure.
6) Heating the CNHC at moderate temperature and melting the
BMG powder.
7) Further heating may help in 100% fusion of hot Hydrogen gas
with liquid BMG.
Cooling the CNHC to room temperature.
9) Measuring the quantity of exhausted gases while opening
the CNHC.
10) Analyzing the nature of exhausted gases while opening the
CNHC.
11) Analyzing and identifying the CNHC metal sample in all possible
ways with all available methods.
12) Tabulating the % of BMG hydrides, % of BMG isotopes and %
of gold.
13) Repeating the experiment and optimizing and sustaining the
production of % of gold.
14) Understanding the pros and cons of the experimental set up
and improving it.
15) Selecting and finalizing the best BMG and standardizing the
experimental set up and procedure with reference to cost
and isotopic abundance of Tungsten, Rhenium and Osmium.
16) If successful, Iridium, Platinum and Gold can be produced in
a systematic approach.
We present our views in the following way.
1) As the CNHC is completely free from Oxygen and other
gases, during heating of CNHC, hot hydrogen gas tries to
attack the semi solid BMG to form the respective hydrides.
2) At the time of melting of BMG, super heated hydrogen gas
tries to fuse with liquid BMG with ease.
3) It may be noted that, during cosmic evolution, in a cosmological
approach, first hydrogen was formed at a temperature
of around 3500 K [13,14]. It means, hydrogen atom
starts dissociating into free proton and free electron above
3500 K.
4) Following the concept of cosmological generation of first
Hydrogen atoms, as melting point of BMG approaches
3000 deg C, there is a possibility of hydrogen gas (H2) to split
into hydrogen atoms (H), hydro-protons and hydro-electrons.
5) As the CNHC is completely closed, further heating of liquid
and semi gaseous form of BMG and hydrogen atoms (H)
and hydro-protons and hydro-electrons, there is 100% scope
for fusion of BMG atoms and hydrogen atoms via nuclear
fusion.
6) As BMG mass is roughly 180 to 190 times higher than hydrogen,
due to strong attractive nature, energetic hydrogen
atoms are forced to fuse with BMG atomic nuclides.
7) By means of currently believed nuclear strong interaction,
there exit two possibilities. First possibility is BMG nuclide
absorbs Hydrogen atom in the form of Neutron. Second possibility
is BMG nuclide absorbs Hydro-proton and retains the
hydro-electron in its atomic orbit.
First possibility can be considered as an increase in mass
number of BMG.
9) Second possibility can be considered as an increase in BMG
proton number.
10) Repeated cycles of increase in BMG proton number helps in
generating Iridium, Platinum and Gold atoms with unstable
mass numbers.
11) Further repeated cycles of increase in mass number of unstable
Iridium, Platinum and Gold helps in generating stable
atomic nuclides.
12) After certain time, heating can be stopped and CNHC can be
allowed to cool.
13) CNHC output material can be examined for stable and unstable
Iridium, Platinum and Gold atoms in different
proportions.
14) Finally, to the possible extent, stable Iridium, Platinum and
Gold atoms can be produced in significant quantities.
................................................................................................................
4) Here it seems reasonable to recall the ancient Indian
methods of producing Gold with Mercury [17,18]. Mercury
is the only metal that exists in liquid form having
a density of 13.5 g/cc.It is having 7 isotopes in the range
of 194 to 203. As Mercury is in liquid state, under certain
pressure conditions and by considering the proposed
cold nuclear fusion method of energetic hydro-protons
and hydro-electrons and weak interaction scheme, it
seems possible to convert Mercury into Gold. We are
working in this direction also.
Compare with Roberto A. Monti mercury and vinegar method
https://ia902902.us.archive.org/14/items/howtomercruytogold/How%20to%20Mercruy%20to%20Gold.pdf
and Fabio Cardone sonicated mercury
1) Selecting any heavy metal whose atomic and metallic
properties are closer to gold. It can be called as Base metal
of gold (BMG).
People never can stop unfounded dreams... You cannot directly convert Hg-->Ag by LENR. The only path is upwards from Osmium. But there are complex cluster reactions where a set of nuclei does decay into more stable nuclei. See also the Proton 29 experiments.
So if you get 1g gold of 1000kg Hg your investment is live time your return a big mess....
Useful paper cited and praised in "Small scale production of gold, etc."
Here it seems reasonable to recall the ancient Indian
methods of producing Gold with Mercury
producing gold "with mercury" does not mean producing gold "from mercury"
if it did mean that, India would been have incredibly rich and powerful
,the poor British woud not have had a Raj
First possibility is BMG nuclide
absorbs Hydrogen atom in the form of Neutron. Second possibility
is BMG nuclide absorbs Hydro-proton and retains the
hydro-electron in its atomic orbit.
3000C + tungsten plus hydrogen,=GOLD,,,extreme wealth is just ONE experiment away
ITER just needs to keep its wall temperature a mere 400C below its MP?
maybe a better thread is Caveat Emptor?
... and indeed I don't put it in the "useful" paper thread - I have the rare habit to read papers before posting.
I don't put it in the "useful" paper thread
No -you don't -I moved it from the playground. I thought it interesting, if not useful.
I thought it interesting, if not useful
Sir Robert Boyle...Interesting 1675
'Special mercury' plus gold produces heat
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1675.0059
Rock cathodes for hydrogen..
The need for sustainable catalysts for an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction is of significant interest for modern society. Inspired by comparable structural properties of [FeNi]-hydrogenase, here we present the natural ore pentlandite (Fe4.5Ni4.5S8) as a direct ‘rock’ electrode material for hydrogen evolution under acidic conditions with an overpotential of 280 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, it reaches a value as low as 190 mV after 96 h of electrolysis due to surface sulfur depletion, which may change the electronic structure of the catalytically active nickel–iron centres. The ‘rock’ material shows an unexpected catalytic activity with comparable overpotential and Tafel slope to some well-developed metallic or nanostructured catalysts. Notably, the ‘rock’ material offers high current densities (≤650 mA cm−2) without any loss in activity for approximately 170 h. The superior hydrogen evolution performance of pentlandites as ‘rock’ electrode labels this ore as a promising electrocatalyst for future hydrogen-based economy.
Naturally
